Treatments for Gastrointestinal & Endocrine Disorders
Describe diagnostic criteria for nausea and vomiting and treatment recommendations
· Diagnostic Criteria:
o Nausea and vomiting are symptoms rather than distinct disorders. Diagnosis entails determining the underlying cause, which can include gastrointestinal infections, pregnancy, pharmaceutical side effects, metabolic diseases, or central nervous system problems. If symptoms persist, a physical exam, laboratory testing (such as electrolytes and liver function), abdominal ultrasonography, or endoscopy may be performed (Scorza et al., 2020). A comprehensive history can assist identify the length, frequency, related symptoms, and potential triggers.
· Treatment Recommendations:
o Management is based on the underlying cause. Antiemetics such ondansetron (Zofran), promethazine, and metoclopramide are used as first-line treatments. To treat dehydration, IV fluids and electrolyte replenishment are suggested. Dietary changes (clear liquids, bland diet), lifestyle changes, and addressing the underlying cause (for example, discontinuing an offending drug) are also important (Scorza et al., 2020).
Treatments for Gastrointestinal & Endocrine Disorders
Discuss symptoms of GERD, complications, and drug management
· Symptoms:
o GERD symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, persistent cough, hoarseness, sore throat, and dysphagia. Symptoms frequently intensify following meals or while lying down (Vakil et al., 2006).
· Complications:
o If left untreated, GERD can progress to esophagitis, esophageal strictures, Barrett’s esophagus (a precancerous disease), or esophageal adenocarcinoma.
· Drug Management:
o Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole or pantoprazole are used in the first line of treatment. H2-receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine) may be utilized in milder cases. Antacids offer brief relief. Prokinetic medicines such as metoclopramide are occasionally utilized in select situations (Vakil et al., 2006).
Compare and contrast Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis
· Similarities:
o Both are types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, exhaustion, and weight loss.
· Differences:
o Location: Crohn’s disease can affect any section of the GI tract (mouth to anus), however it is most usually found in the terminal ileum. Ulcerative colitis is restricted to the colon and rectum.
o Pattern: Crohn’s disease has “skip lesions” (patchy patches of inflammation), but ulcerative colitis causes continuous inflammation.
o Depth: Crohn’s affects all layers of the intestinal wall (transmural), whereas UC affects only the mucosal layer.
Treatments for Gastrointestinal & Endocrine Disorders
· Management:
o Corticosteroids, aminosalicylates, immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine), and biologics (e.g., infliximab) are all options for treating flare-ups. In refractory patients, surgical options should be considered (Rubin et al., 2020).
Discuss Diabetes, its causes, symptoms, and treatment
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition defined by high blood glucose levels caused by abnormalities in insulin secretion, action, or both. It primarily refers to Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes.
· Causes:
o Type 1: Autoimmune damage of pancreatic beta cells is frequently identified in children.
· Type 2: Insulin resistance is commonly caused by genetics, weight, and lifestyle.
· Gestational Diabetes: Developed during pregnancy because of hormonal changes and increased insulin resistance.
· Symptoms:
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weariness, impaired vision, slow-healing wounds, and recurring infections.
· Treatment:
o Type 1: Requires lifelong insulin therapy.
o Type 2: Lifestyle adjustments (diet and exercise), oral hypoglycemics (e.g., metformin), and, on occasion, insulin is used to manage the condition. Properly formatted citations APA , MLA, or Chicago) Regular blood glucose, HbA1c, and complication screening (e.g., neuropathy, nephropathy) are required (ElSayed et al., 2023).To order this assignment click here or contact info@topgradeswriting.com