Upper Respiratory and Chronic Pulmonary Conditions
- Causes of Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs) and Drug Therapy
Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are mostly caused by viruses such as rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses. These viruses infect the upper airway, including the nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx. Bacterial infections such as Streptococcus pyogenes (in strep throat) or Haemophilus influenzae (in sinusitis) can also occur but are far less common (Mayo Clinic, 2023). Management of viral URIs is primarily supportive. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen relieve pain and fever, while decongestants (pseudoephedrine or oxymetazoline) address nasal congestion. Antihistamines like loratadine or diphenhydramine may help with allergic symptoms. Antibiotics should only be prescribed when a bacterial infection is confirmed to avoid contributing to antibiotic resistance (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023).
- Triggers of Asthma and Treatment Options
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airways condition characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and variable airflow obstruction. Common triggers include allergens (dust mites, pollen, pet dander), cold air, respiratory infections, physical exertion, stress, smoke, and air pollutants (Global Initiative for Asthma 2023). Treatment follows a stepwise approach based on symptom severity. First-line maintenance treatment includes inhaled corticosteroids such as fluticasone or budesonide. Quick relief of acute symptoms is managed with short-acting beta-agonists like albuterol. Long-acting beta-agonists such as salmeterol are added for persistent asthma. Leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast) and biologic agents are used in patients with more severe or refractory asthma. Non-pharmacological approaches such as allergen avoidance and smoking cessation are also essential.
Upper Respiratory and Chronic Pulmonary Conditions
- Discuss corticosteroids
Use and Considerations Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory agents and a mainstay treatment in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They reduce airway inflammation, decrease mucus production, and improve airway responsiveness. Inhaled corticosteroids (beclomethasone, budesonide) are preferred for long-term control, while systemic corticosteroids ( prednisone) are reserved for acute exacerbations due to their systemic side effects ( Lipworth 2021). Common side effects of inhaled corticosteroids include oral thrush, hoarseness, and cough. When used long-term, systemic corticosteroids can cause weight gain, insomnia, osteoporosis, adrenal suppression, hyperglycemia, and immunosuppression. Patient education should focus on correct inhaler technique, mouth rinsing post-inhalation, and adherence to prescribed regimens.
- Chronic Bronchitis and Treatment Options
Chronic bronchitis is a subtype of COPD defined by a productive cough lasting at least three months per year for two consecutive years. It is primarily caused by chronic inhalation of irritants such as tobacco smoke, environmental pollutants, and occupational exposures. The condition involves chronic inflammation of the bronchi, resulting in mucus hypersecretion and airflow obstruction (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2023). Treatment includes bronchodilators such as inhaled anticholinergics (ipratropium), LABAs, and inhaled corticosteroids for patients with frequent exacerbations. Additional therapies include mucolytics, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors like roflumilast, and oxygen therapy for advanced disease. Smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, and immunizations influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are critical components of long-term management. Properly formatted citations APA , MLA, or Chicago)
To order this assignment click here or contact info@topgradeswriting.com